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Variation of Cosmopolitan Diseases in Tropical and Temperate Zones¹

The subject of medical geography is as old as the history of medicine. With his famous treatise, "Air, Waters and Places," Hippocrates was one of the first to use this approach to medical problems. For many centuries afterwards the same type of reasoning was generally applied to the presence or absence of a disease in various places. Western civilization during this period was confined to small areas of the European continent. Diseases commonly encountered were well known according to the standards of the times. In the 15th century voyages to other parts of the world opened a new field. New and strange diseases were being observed, several of which made their way to Europe. Confusion reigned until the 17th century. At this time the science of clinical observation was revived by Sydenham. Signs and symptoms of the sick were grouped under one heading and classified as disease entities. Nosography rapidly developed.

Received July 31, 1935.
¹ Read at the thirtieth annual meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine at San Antonio, Texas, November 16, 1934.