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Stability of Interferon-Gamma and Interleukin-10 Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Liver Stage Antigen 1 and Thrombospondin-Related Adhesive Protein Immunodominant Epitopes in a Highland Population from Western Kenya

Long-term planning to prevent malaria epidemics requires in-depth understanding of immunity to Plasmodium falciparum in areas of unstable transmission. Cytokine responses to immunodominant epitope peptides from liver stage antigen 1 (LSA-1) and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) were evaluated over a nine-month interval in adults and children in Kenya from a malaria epidemic–prone highland area after several years of low transmission. The proportion and magnitude of interferon-gamma ELISPOT responses and the proportion of interleukin-10 responders to LSA-1 and TRAP peptides tended to be higher in adults than children. Frequencies of interferon-gamma responders to these peptides were similar at the two time points, but responses were not consistently generated by the same persons. These results suggest that T cell memory to pre-erythrocytic stage malaria antigens is maintained but may be unavailable for consistent detection in peripheral blood, and that these antigens induce both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in this population.

Received May 1, 2008. Accepted for publication April 24, 2009.

Acknowledgments: We thank Dan Rosen (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) for statistical assistance and Kiprotich Chelimo (Kenya Medical Research Institute) for laboratory assistance. This study was published with the permission of the Director of the Kenya Medical Research Institute.

Financial support: This study was supported by grants U01 AI 43906 (James W. Kazura) and K08 AI-01572 (Chandy C. John) from the National Institutes of Health.

^* Address correspondence to Ann M. Moormann, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Wolstein Research Building 4-130, Cleveland OH, 44106-7286. E-mail: moorms{at}case.edu

Authors’ addresses: Ann M. Moormann, Paula Embury, Charles H. King, and James W. Kazura, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road 4-130 Wolstein Research Building, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286, E-mails: moorms{at}case.edu, pbe{at}case.edu, chk{at}case.edu, and jxk14{at}case.edu. Peter Odada Sumba, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mail: odadaka sumba{at}yahoo.com. Daniel J. Tisch, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine WG-37, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4945, E-mail: daniel.tisch{at}case.edu. Chandy C. John, Global Pediatrics Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Room 363, MMC #1932, Minneapolis, MN 55455, E-mail:ccj{at}umn.edu.