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Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 78(6), 2008, pp. 895-903
Copyright © 2008 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Population Genetics and Phylogeography of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil

Vera Margarete Scarpassa*, Tatiana Bacry Cardoza, AND Rubens P. Cardoso, Junior
Coordenação de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Superintendência de Controle de Endemia, Serviço Regional 08, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

Population genetic analyses were conducted using samples of Aedes aegypti from 14 localities in the north, southeast, northeast, and central regions of Brazil. An 852-bp region of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was used in the analyses. Ten haplotypes were observed, and cluster analyses revealed 2 groups (lineages) separated by 8 fixed mutations, suggesting that the Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations probably came from East and West Africa, with evidence of multiple introductions, one related to Group 1 and two related to Group 2. Considering all samples, genetic and geographic distances were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.332; P = 0.038), supporting the isolation by distance (IBD) model, but no correlation was detected for any particular region, which is consistent with human migrations and trade exchanges. Genetic distances (pairwise FST and Nm values), AMOVA, and cluster analyses indicated a deep genetic structure for the Brazilian Ae. aegypti, probably resulting from several factors: multiple introductions associated with distinct lineages, geographic differentiation (IBD), passive dispersal patterns, control activities, extinction and recolonization events, and genetic drift.

Received August 29, 2007. Accepted for publication February 29, 2008.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank Lúzia de Melo Mustafa and her team (SUSAM, Manaus, Amazonas) and the teams of the Secretaries of Health of Belém, Boa Vista, Coari, Cuiabá, and Rio Branco (Dulcinéia Barros de Aguiar, Agostinho Aroldo Limeira, Claudio Rodrigues de Souza, Oberdan F. Coutinho Lira, and Giovana B.M.L. Maciel); Dr. Gisela Marques and her team (SUCEN, Taubaté, São Paulo), Raimundo S. Lima Júnior and Fabio Medeiros da Costa (INPA, Manaus, Amazonas), and Carlos Rivero M. Fernandes (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba) for providing facilities and logistic support during the field collections. We also thank Dr. Jan E. Conn, who kindly revised the English of the final version.

Financial support: Research funded by the Amazonas State Research Foundation (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas [FAPEAM], Manaus, AM, Brazil, grant number 905/2003, to V.M.S.), and by the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology/ INPA.

* Address correspondence to Vera Margarete Scarpassa, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenida André Araujo, No. 2936, Bairro Aleixo, Manaus, CEP 69011-970, Amazonas, Brazil. E-mail: vera{at}inpa.gov.br

Authors’ addresses: Vera Margarete Scarpassa, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenida André Araujo, No. 2936, Bairro Aleixo, Manaus, CEP 69011-970, Amazonas, Brazil, E-mail: vera{at}inpa.gov.br. Tatiana Bacry Cardoza, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenida André Araujo, No. 2936, Bairro Aleixo, Manaus, CEP 69011-970, Amazonas, Brazil. Rubens P. Cardoso Junior, Superintendência de Controle de Endemia, Serviço Regional 08, Avenida Philadelpho Manuel Gouveia Neto, No. 3101, Bairro Maceno, São José do Rio Preto, CEP 15060-040, São Paulo, Brazil.

Reprint requests: Vera Margarete Scarpassa, Coordenação de Pes-quisas em Entomologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenida André Araujo, No. 2936, Bairro Aleixo, Manaus, CEP 69011-970, Amazonas, Brazil, Tel: 55-92-3643-3046, Fax: 55-92-3642-1449, E-mail: vera{at}inpa.gov.br.






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Copyright © 2008 by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.