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Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 76(1), 2007, pp. 73-80
Copyright © 2007 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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ENVIRONMENTAL ABUNDANCE OF ANOPHELES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) LARVAL HABITATS ON LAND COVER CHANGE SITES IN KARIMA VILLAGE, MWEA RICE SCHEME, KENYA

BENJAMIN G. JACOB, EPHANTUS MUTURI, PATRICK HALBIG, JOSEPH MWANGANGI, R. K. WANJOGU, ENOCK MPANGA, JOSE FUNES, JOSEPHAT SHILILU, JOHN GITHURE, JAMES L. REGENS, AND ROBERT J. NOVAK*
Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Ecological Entomology, Champaign, Illinois; Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwea Irrigation Agricultural Development Centre, Wanguru, Kenya; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

A study was carried out at Karima Village in the Mwea Rice Irrigation Scheme in Kenya to assess the impact of rice husbandry and associated land cover change for mosquito larval abundance. A multi-temporal, land use land cover (LULC) classification dataset incorporating distributions of Anopheles arabiensis aquatic larval habitats was produced in ERDAS Imagine version 8.7 using combined images from IKONOS at 4m spatial resolution from 2005 and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)TM classification data at 30-meters spatial resolution from 1988 for Karima. Of 207 larval habitats sampled, most were either canals (53.4%) or paddies (45.9%), and only one habitat was classified as a seep (0.5%). The proportion of habitats that were poorly drained was 55.1% compared with 44.9% for the habitats that were well drained. An LULC base map was generated. A grid incorporating each rice paddy was overlaid over the LULC maps stratifying each cell based on levels of irrigation. Paddies/grid cells were classified as 1) well irrigated and 2) poorly irrigated. Early stages of rice growth showed peak larval production during the early part of the cropping cycle (rainy season). Total LULC change for Karima over 16 years was 59.8%. Of those areas in which change was detected, the LULC change for Karima was 4.30% for rice field to built environment, 8.74% for fallow to built environment, 7.19% for rice field to fallow, 19.03% built to fallow, 5.52% for fallow to rice field, and 8.35% for built environment to rice field. Of 207 aquatic habitats in Karima, 54.1 (n = 112) were located in LULC change sites and 45.9 (n = 95) were located in LULC non-change sites. Rice crop LULC maps derived from IKONOS and TM data in geographic information systems can be used to investigate the relationship between rice cultivation practices and higher anopheline larval habitat distribution.

Received December 9, 2005. Accepted for publication February 7, 2006.

Acknowledgments: We thank Charles Muriuki, Nelson M. Muchiri, Irene Kamau, Charles C. Kiura, Peter M. Mutiga, Paul K. Mwangi, Nicholus G. Kamari, William M. Waweru, Christine W. Maina, Martin Njigoya, Isabel W. Marui, Susan Wanjiku, Gladys Karimi, Naftaly Gichuki, Julian Wairimu, Haron Mwangi, Peter Barasa, James Wauna and Simon Muriu for data collection efforts at the Mwea Divison in Kenya.

Financial support: This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grant no. NIH/NIAID U01 Al054-889 (RJ Novak) to the University of Illinois.

* Address correspondence to Robert J. Novak, Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Ecological Entomology, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign IL 61820. E-mail: rjnovak{at}uiuc.edu

Authors’ addresses: Benjamin G. Jacob, Ephantus Muturi, Patrick Halbig, Jose Funes, and Robert J. Novak, Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Ecological Entomology, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign IL 61820, E-mail: rjnovak{at}uiuc.edu. Joseph Mwangangi, Enock Mpanga, Josephat Shililu, and John Githure, Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya. R. K. Wanjogu, Mwea Irrigation Agricultural Development Centre, PO Box 210, Wanguru, Kenya. James Regens, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.






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