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EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS, CULEX GELIDUS, AND AEDES VIGILAX WITH A YELLOW FEVER/JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS VACCINE CHIMERA (CHIMERIVAX^TM-JE)

Australian mosquitoes from which Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has been recovered (Culex annulirostris, Culex gelidus, and Aedes vigilax) were assessed for their ability to be infected with the ChimeriVax^TM-JE vaccine, with yellow fever vaccine virus 17D (YF 17D) from which the backbone of ChimeriVax^TM-JE vaccine is derived and with JEV-Nakayama. None of the mosquitoes became infected after being fed orally with 6.1 log₁₀ plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL of ChimeriVax^TM-JE vaccine, which is greater than the peak viremia in vaccinees (mean peak viremia = 4.8 PFU/mL, range = 0–30 PFU/mL of 0.9 days mean duration, range = 0–11 days). Some members of all three species of mosquito became infected when fed on JEV-Nakayama, but only Ae. vigilax was infected when fed on YF 17D. The results suggest that none of these three species of mosquito are likely to set up secondary cycles of transmission of ChimeriVax^TM-JE in Australia after feeding on a viremic vaccinee.

Received March 27, 2006. Accepted for publication June 4, 2006.

Acknowledgments: We thank Cassie Jansen and Dr. Andrew van den Hurk (Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), and Corporal Raethea Huggins, Lieutenant Robert Marlow, Major Steven Frances, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Cooper (Australian Army) for entomologic assistance and technical advice. We also thank Helen Gramatonev (statistical consultant) for statistical support.

Financial support: This study was supported by Acambis Inc. (Cambridge, MA) and the Joint Health Support Agency, Defence Health Services (Canberra, Australia).

Disclosure: Mark Reid has acted as a paid consultant to Acambis Inc. in relation to JE vaccine trials. Farshad Guirakhoo and Thomas P. Monath are current and former employees of Acambis Inc. These statements are made in the interest of full disclosure and not because the authors consider this to be a conflict of interest.

Disclaimer: All investigations were approved by the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator and the Australian Quarantine Inspection Service (Canberra, Australia). The use of mice (for mosquito colony maintenance) was approved by the Animal Experimentation and Ethics Committee of the Australian Army Malaria Institute in accordance with the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes, Version 7. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Defence Health Services or any extant policy.

^* Address correspondence to Mark Reid, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Weary Dunlop Drive, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland 4051, Australia. E-mail: markreid2{at}optusnet.com.au

Authors’ addresses: Mark Reid, Donna MacKenzie, Andrew Baron, and Natalie Lehmann, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Weary Dunlop Drive, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, 4051 Australia. Kym Lowry and John Aaskov, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Weary Dunlop Drive, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, 4051 Australia and School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001 Australia. Farshad Guirakhoo, Acambis Inc., 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge MA 02139. Thomas P. Monath, Kleiner Perkins Caulfield & Byers, 21 Finn Rd., Harvard, MA 01451.

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