HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (10) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by LUBY, S. P. Articles by KESWICK, B. H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by LUBY, S. P. Articles by KESWICK, B. H. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Diarrhea Related Collections Diarrheal diseases

DELAYED EFFECTIVENESS OF HOME-BASED INTERVENTIONS IN REDUCING CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA, KARACHI, PAKISTAN

We introduced home drinking water disinfection and handwashing with soap in Karachi squatter settlements to evaluate their effect on diarrhea. In April 2000, 150 households received soap, 76 received dilute bleach and a water storage vessel, and 76 were enrolled as controls. In 2000, among households wealthy enough to own a refrigerator, children in households that received bleach and a vessel had a 73% lower incidence of diarrhea than controls; those that received soap had a 56% lower incidence. There was no reduction in diarrhea in intervention households without a refrigerator. In 2001, households that received bleach and a vessel had a 71% lower incidence of diarrhea and children in households that received soap had a 35% lower incidence than controls. In 2001, the interventions were equally effective in households that had a refrigerator and those that did not. Both of these home-based interventions were ultimately effective in preventing diarrhea, but only households of slightly higher socioeconomic status changed their behavior quickly enough to benefit during the first summer.

Received October 6, 2003. Accepted for publication April 20, 2004.

Acknowledgments: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention retained the right to publish results without approval from Procter & Gamble. Drs. Eric Mintz and Sureyya Hornston reviewed an earlier version of the manuscript and provided useful suggestions.

Financial support: This study was supported by a grant from the Procter & Gamble Company, the manufacturer of Safeguard Bar Soap^®.

Disclaimer: Inclusion of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Department of Health and Human Services.

Disclosure: Stephen P. Luby wishes to disclose that he is currently conducting research sponsored by Proctor & Gamble. Proctor & Gamble sells Safeguard Soap, the soap used in this study. This statement is being made in the interest of full disclosure and not because the authors consider this to be a conflict of interest.

Authors’ addresses: Stephen P. Luby, Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases, Mailstop A-38, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, E-mail: sluby{at}cdc.gov. Mubina Agboatwalla, Health Oriented Preventive Education, 5 Amir Khusro Road, Block 7/8, Overseas Cooperative Housing Society, Karachi, Pakistan, E-mail: agboat{at}gerrys.net. Robert M. Hoekstra, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Mailstop C-09, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, E-mail: rth6{at}cdc.gov. Mohammad H. Rahbar, Institute for Health Care Studies, Michigan State University Room 100, Conrad Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, E-mail: Mohammad.Rahbar{at}ht.msu.edu. Ward Billhimer, The Procter & Gamble Company, Sharon Woods Technical Center 11511 Reed Hartman Highway, Cincinnati, OH 45241, E-mail: billhimer.wl{at}pg.com. Bruce H. Keswick, Procter & Gamble, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, E-mail: Keswick.bh{at}pg.com.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. E. Aiello, R. M. Coulborn, V. Perez, and E. L. Larson Effect of Hand Hygiene on Infectious Disease Risk in the Community Setting: A Meta-Analysis Am J Public Health, August 1, 2008; 98(8): 1372 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. GUPTA, A. SUANTIO, A. GRAY, E. WIDYASTUTI, N. JAIN, R. ROLOS, R. M. HOEKSTRA, and R. QUICK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH E. COLI CONTAMINATION OF HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER AMONG TSUNAMI AND EARTHQUAKE SURVIVORS, INDONESIA Am J Trop Med Hyg, June 1, 2007; 76(6): 1158 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. K. Ram, E. Blanton, D. Klinghoffer, M. Platek, J. Piper, S. Straif-Bourgeois, M. R. Bonner, and E. D. Mintz Household Water Disinfection in Hurricane-Affected Communities of Louisiana: Implications for Disaster Preparedness for the General Public Am J Public Health, April 1, 2007; 97(Supplement_1): S130 - S135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. MIGELE, S. OMBEKI, M. AYALO, M. BIGGERSTAFF, and R. QUICK DIARRHEA PREVENTION IN A KENYAN SCHOOL THROUGH THE USE OF A SIMPLE SAFE WATER AND HYGIENE INTERVENTION Am J Trop Med Hyg, February 1, 2007; 76(2): 351 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. F. ARNOLD and J. M. COLFORD JR TREATING WATER WITH CHLORINE AT POINT-OF-USE TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY AND REDUCE CHILD DIARRHEA IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS Am J Trop Med Hyg, February 1, 2007; 76(2): 354 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]