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The prevalence of infected and infective black flies was estimated by pool screen polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification in the three river basins in Ecuador endemic for onchocerciasis. Mass distribution of ivermectin (MectizanTM) resulted in dramatic declines in the prevalence of infected and infective flies. In the Rio Santiago river basin, no infections were detected, suggesting that transmission had ceased. The ratio of infected to infective flies in Simulium exiguum was 10-fold lower than the corresponding ratio for Simulium quadrivittatum, suggesting that S. exiguum is a more-competent vector for Onchocerca volvulus than S. quadrivittatum. However, the prevalence of infective flies in the two species was not different, suggesting that S. quadrivittatum may play an important vectorial role where it is the dominant human-biting species. The data demonstrate that pool screen PCR is an efficient way to monitor transmission in areas subject to control, and to certify an area as free of O. volvulus transmission
Received June 5, 2002. Accepted for publication July 22, 2002.
Acknowledgments: This work was carried out as part of the established evaluation of impact within the Regional Initiative for the Elimination of Onchocerciasis in the Americas under the financial support of the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas/ The Carter Center, Inc. and Inter-American Development Bank contract No. R.EPI.01.17.
Authors’ addresses: Angel G. Guevara, Juan C. Vieira, Andrea López, and Nadia Viera, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Community Services Vozandes, Villalengua 267 y 10 de Agosto, 1717691 Quito, Ecuador. Thomas R. Unnasch and Bruce G. Lilley, Division of Geographic Medicine, BBRB Box 7, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294. Charles Katholi, Department of Biostatistics, Ryals 327, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294. Richard Collins, Departments of Entomology and Veterinary Science, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 715, Sonoita, AZ 85637. Jose Rumbea, Ecuadorian National Programme for Onchocerciasis Elimination, Servicio Nacional de Erradicacion de la Malaria, Rosa Borja de Icaza No. 110 y Maracaibo, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Reprint requests: Thomas R. Unnasch, Division of Geographic Medicine, BBRB Box 7, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, Telephone: 205-975-7601, Fax: 205-934-5600, E-mail: trunnasch{at}geomed.dom.uab.edu
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